背景介绍
罗斯福新政是美国历史上一次具有里程碑意义的政治改革。它发生在民主党总统富兰克林·罗斯福(Franklin D. Roosevelt)的执政时期，1929-1939年间。这段时期被称为大萧条时期，此时美国社会经济遭遇到了极大的冲击，大批失业，生活水平下降，经济极度萎缩。罗斯福新政在此时应运而生，旨在通过大规模的政府干预，推动经济再生，救助无业者，改善社会保障等，最终实现对美国社会的重构。新政措施
罗斯福新政共推出了3个阶段的计划，每个阶段都包含了一些具体的政策和措施。其中，第一个阶段(1933-1934年)重点关注了银行救助、农业改革、公务员工资上涨等方面；第二个阶段(1935-1936年)主要实施了社会保障、工业保护、财政扶助等，此时政府的影响力和大规模干预的力度已经显著加强；第三个阶段(1937-1938年)则更加着重于赤字的平衡和贸易屏障的建立，但在这个阶段中，新政的力度已经有所减弱，因而效果也不如预期。影响和评价
罗斯福新政的影响和评价是十分深远和广泛的。其政策和措施标志着美国历史上的一个重要转折点，使得政府成为了美国社会重要的参与者，并开启了政府干预经济的新时代。此外，罗斯福新政也加强了美国政府的国际地位，增强了美国民众对国家的信任和认同。然而，对于新政的具体效果和可持续性的质疑也是存在的，其中最具代表性的就是阴影工程计划。此计划旨在为无业者提供工作机会，但其由于种种原因并没有如期实现，也遭到了许多人的批评。 总的来说，罗斯福新政是具有重要意义的政府干预历史和社会进步的标志性事件。它所产生的深远影响和啟示 perhaps to remain middle-of-the-road, my best guess is that this could involve making quantitative easing the new normal and setting targets that translate its success into wage growth and employment opportunities. By contrast, Mrs Clinton’s views on the matter are unchanged since she pressed for the passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, which enacted the most sweeping financial regulation since the Great Depression. That law established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, an independent regulatory agency meant to protect consumers from the types of predatory lending that led to the mortgage crisis. It also created new oversight councils to monitor systemic risks. Mrs Clinton’s plan is to build on Dodd-Frank to curb what she sees as rampant risk-taking by banks and to promote rules to limit the pay of executives at financial institutions that receive government support. Mrs Clinton also reaffirmed her belief that the Federal Reserve should remain independent from Congress. The problem is that all the focus on the banks’ shadowy activities may be slightly misplaced. Although it is true that over-the-counter (OTC) financial instruments that are traded outside of established financial markets pose risks, forcing them onto the exchanges will not necessarily neutralise those risks. Banks already have to post margins when trading derivatives, just as they would have to do were these derivatives trading on exchanges. Regulators also have greater transparency into closed OTC trades than publically traded ones. Prosecuting those who rig the system, regardless of where those trades occur, seems more important to us than insisting that derivatives are traded on exchanges. It’s always possible to debate the wisdom of the Fed’s policies or whether Dodd-Frank went far enough. What is not debatable is that the US needs markets to function more efficiently in order to boost foreign trade, increase corporate investment and improve returns to savers. The Republican platform calls for a return to the gold standard and a degree of isolation in trade. Mrs Clinton represents continuity of President Obama’s policies, including not lowering corporate tax rates. Neither candidate appears to have a particularly strong grasp of the forces that will drive markets in the future.
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